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General

Meta data ID	{EBEDB86E-9997-465B-BCB7-49C78DF2656D}
Last modified	2021-12-06T17:49:27

Dataset creators

Contact person

First name	Risto
Last name	Heikkinen
Email	risto.heikkinen@syke.fi
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Risto
Last name	Heikkinen
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Niko
Last name	Leikola
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Heini
Last name	Kujala
Organisation	Helsingin yliopisto, LUOMUS

Dataset creators

First name	Raimo
Last name	Virkkala
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Sonja
Last name	Kivinen
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Pekka
Last name	Hurskainen
Organisation	Syke

Dataset creators

First name	Juha
Last name	Aalto
Organisation	Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)

Project

Project name	IBC-Carbon (Integrated Biodiversity Conservation and Carbon Sequestration in the Changing Environment)
Project funder	Strategic Research Council (SRC) at the Academy of Finland
Project identifier	SRC 2017/312559

Description

Basic information

Dataset title	Environmental data used in the modelling of suitable nesting sites for six forest biodiversity indicator bird species across Finland (part 1)
Theme	Environment and Conservation
Description	This repository contains files of spatial environmental data layers which were used as predictors of nesting habitat suitability for six biodiversity indicator bird species in Finland: (i) three hawk species, the European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and the common buzzard (Buteo buteo), and (ii) three woodpecker species, the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), the lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor) and the Eurasian three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus). These six bird species have been shown to provide useful indicators of different conservation and biodiversity values of boreal forests, such as occurrences of red listed polypores, and indicative of forest characteristics related to old-growth forests such as representative occurrences of dead wood. The modelling spesifically targetted the nest sites of the bird species where the role of critical suitable environmental conditions is elevated. The data of nesting sites of the bird species are not open access data due to its sensitivity, but can be requested for research purposes by sending a query to the head of the Zoology unit at the Finnish Museum of Natural History. However, the Maxent results of the nesting habitat suitability for bird species across the whole of Finland are available in Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4779108). Please also note that the environmental data is split - due to its large size - into two repository locations, this one containing the local site variables and 500 m buffer variables, and the other containing the 1 km buffer variables and the two climate variables. Taken together, 40 different environmental data layers were developed and their information sampled for a 96 x 96 m resolution lattice system covering the whole Finland. These 40 data layers were organised for the modeling into the following groups of predictor variables: (1) Data on forest structure and other forest stand characteristics (96 x 96 m cell) (8 variables), (2) Data on land cover at the forest stand (96 x 96 m cell) (8 variables), (3) Data on forest characteristics in the 500 m landscape buffer area (3 variables), (4) Data on forest characteristics in the 1 km landscape buffer area (3 variables), (5) Data on land cover in the 500 m landscape buffer area, (6) Data on land cover in the 500 m landscape buffer area, and (7) Climate data (2 variables). These data were used to examine what are the key determinants of the nesting site suitability of the six indicator bird species and to developed predictive maps across the whole Finland for the locations of most optimal nesting forest areas. The nesting habitat suitability modelling was done using the MaxEnt model. The forest structure and habitat quality predictor variables were developed based on national forest data gathered from three sources: (i) Finnish Forest Center (FFC), (ii) Metsähallitus Parks & Wildlife (MPW), and (iii) the multi-source national forest inventory carried out by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE). The land cover variables were measured using the CORINE Land Cover 2018 system, from the database produced, maintained and distributed by Syke. The two climate variables were initially for the SUMI project by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and further applied in this modelling study. The environmental variables, the six indicator bird species and the processses, steps and choices included in the MaxEnt modelling are described in full detail in the following publication: Virkkala, Raimo, Leikola, Niko, Kujala, Heini, Kivinen, Sonja, Hurskainen, Pekka, Kuusela, Saija, Valkama, Jari and Heikkinen, Risto K.: Developing fine-grained nationwide predictions of valuable forests using biodiversity indicator bird species, Ecological Applications, in press. The details of the environmental data are also described in the read_me.doc file uploaded into this repository.
Language (dataset)	English
Keyword	forest structure
Keyword	biodiversity indicator
Keyword	CORINE
Keyword	Maxent
Keyword	forest conservation
Keyword	nest site
Keyword	species distribution modelling

Data processing steps

sampling

Description

Data for forest stand characteristics were compiled from three national sources: (i) Finnish Forest Center (FFC), (ii) Metsähallitus Parks & Wildlife (MPW), and (iii) the multi-source national forest inventory (MSNF) carried out by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE). These data have beed recorded using the same 16 x 16 m lattice system covering the whole Finland but they have a different geographic coverage ranging from the most spatially limited data produced by Metsähallitus Parks & Wildlife (MPW) to the MSSF data covering the whole country. The land cover predictor variables were extracted from the CORINE Land Cover 2018 database from Syke's open data resources (https://www.avoindata.fi/data/en_GB/dataset/corine-maanpeite-2018). The focal CORINE land cover/land use types dissected from the CORINE database and used in the modelling were the following: 1) Shoreline forests (forest pixels along the shoreline with crown cover >30%; CORINE CLS 2018 class 31 adjacent to water bodies, class 51); 2) Open, treeless mires (CLS 2018 class 4121); 3) Transitional woodland/shrub on peatland, crown cover 10–30% (i.e., sparsely wooded pine mire; CLS 2018 class 3243); 4) Forest on peatland, crown cover >30% (i.e., wooded pine mire or spruce mire; CLS 2018 class 3122); 5) Marshlands (CLS 2018 class 411); 6) Agricultural areas (CLS 2018 class 2); 7) Urban areas (CLS 2018 classes 11 and 12) ; and 8) Water areas (CLS 2018 class 51). The two climatic variables used as predictor variables were the mean temperature of January (TJan, °C) and growing degree-days (GDD5, °C), which yields the annual temperature sum of days with mean temperature above 5 °C. These data were originally developed at the Finnish Meteorological Institute for SUMI project and for the study by Heikkinen et al. (2020, Scientific Reports 10:1678). For this study, a part of the larger climate data set (i.e. mean values of TJan and GDD5 averaged over 1981-2010) were sampled and reused in the Maxent models for the six bird species.

Data processing steps

processing

Description

The three forest data sources were used in a hierarchical order, i.e., for each 16-m grid cell the data considered qualitatively the most accurate or having the best spatial coverage were used. Where this was not possible, the next most accurate data were used. The priority order of the forest data sources was as follows: 1) Data on forests collected by FFC; 2) Data on state-owned and private protected areas collected by MPW; 3) MSNF data developed by LUKE for the whole of Finland based on field survey site data and satellite images. Using the compiled forest data, eight forest variables were aggregated from the 16-m resolution data to a coarser 96 x 96 m lattice system. For each 96-m grid cell, the following variables describing forest stands structure and quality features were calculated as the mean or median of the corresponding values in the 16-m pixels: 1) forest stand volume (m3/ha); 2) mean trunk diameter at breast height (DBH, cm); 3) mean basal area (m2/ha); 4) tree height (m); 5) dominant tree age (years); and 6) volume of deciduous trees (m3/ha); 7) dominant tree species; 8) site type class (for more details see read_me.doc file). The values of CORINE land cover variables were converted from the original 20-m resolution grid data to the 16-m lattice system using nearest neighbor resampling. Then, for each 96-m grid cell a percentage cover (0 – 100%) value was recorded based on the 16-m cell CORINE data. The CORINE data based variables were used as the local scale land cover/land use data measured for the 96-m grid cells, and also as the landscape-scale CORINE land cover variables, i.e. the cover of the eight variables measured for the 500 m buffer around the focal 96-m cell for the three woodpecker species and the 1 km buffer for the three hawk species. In developing the two climate variables, monthly average air temperature data for 1981–2010 were produced at Finnish Meteorological Institute for a 50 x 50 m lattice system using generalized additive modelling (GAM), variables indicating the geographical location of a site, topographical characteristics and water cover, and weather data sourced from 313 meteorological stations situated in Finland and northern Sweden and Norway. Monthly precipitation data were developed for the same grid using global kriging interpolation based on data from 343 rain gauges obtained from the ECA&D dataset, geographical location, topography and proximity to the sea (for more details see read_me.doc file and Heikkinen et al. 2020, Scientific Reports 10:1678).

Material time period

Start date	2018-01-01
End date	2022-12-24

Area

West Bounding Longitude	20.8
East Bounding Longitude	31.8
South Bounding Latitude	59.9
North Bounding Latitude	70.1

Distribution

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Action (default: None)	publishDoi
Reserved DOI	10.48488/yx6g-1205
Published DOI	10.48488/yx6g-1205

Contact person

First name	Risto
Last name	Heikkinen
Email	risto.heikkinen@syke.fi
Organisation	Syke

Resources

Web-address (URL)

http://tiw01.env.fi/tutkimusdata/EBEDB86E-9997-465B-BCB7-49C78DF2656D/environmental_data_1.zip

Reference publications

Reference

Raimo Virkkala, Niko Leikola, Heini Kujala, Sonja Kivinen, Pekka Hurskainen, Saija Kuusela, Jari Valkama & Risto K. Heikkinen: Developing fine-grained nationwide predictions of valuable forests using biodiversity indicator bird species. Ecological Applcations, doi: 10.1002/eap.2505.

The license for open SYKE's open datasets is Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

The data described here can be freely used to all purposes, provided that the source of the data is mentioned.

The citation for the dataset as given above.

Further information on the license:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode (English)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.fi (Finnish)

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